The Benefit of a Bilingual Brain

A recent study has said that the brain of older bilingual adults develop novel strategies to process language in order to compensate for age-related declines in brainpower.

Concordia University researchers studied two groups of fluently bilingual adults - aged from 19 to 35 and from 60 to 81 years old - and found significant age-related differences in the manner their brains interpreted written language.

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"We wanted to know whether older adults relied on context to process interlingual homographs (IH) - words that are spelled the same in both languages but have a different meaning," said lead author Shanna Kousaie, a PhD candidate at Concordia University's Department of Psychology and Centre for Research in Human Development (CRDH).

As part of the study, subjects were asked to read hundreds of trios of words.

The first word in the triplet was in either English or French, indicating the language of the IH, putting it in context for readers.

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The second was an IH - a word such as "coin," which means "money" in English but "corner" in French.

The third word was one that might or might not help the person understand the meaning of the IH more quickly.

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Subjects' neurophysiological responses to these words were recorded using an electroencephalograph, an instrument that records the brain's electrical activity.

Kousaie and co-author Natalie Phillips found that the older adults processed these letter strings differently, using context to a greater extent to determine meaning.

These findings were based on an experiment aiming to determine the relative speed of responses for younger and older bilingual research participants and on the differences in their EEG recordings as they "processed" the word triplets.

Both the measures indicated younger participants relied less on the first (contextual) word when processing the trios of words in the test.

"As we get older, our working memory capacity and ability to quickly process words declines," said Phillips.

"As a result, older adults become a little more strategic with capacity. It's important to stress these are normal and mild age-related changes. Participants didn't have any cognitive deficit. Rather, they were making the best use of mental resources by using context to help them process language," he added.

These findings shed light on how bilingual adults process language.

"Our study suggests that bilingual adults, as they age, are able to find strategies to compensate for changes in language comprehension," said Phillips.

The findings were published in the journal Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition.

Source-ANI