Nerve Fibers Adjust Sound, Mitigate Hearing Loss in the Inner Ear

A recent study published in the Journal of Neuroscience suggests that the brain may help regulate the ear’s sensitivity to sound and compensate for hearing loss by transmitting signals to the cochlea, a structure in the inner ear. This discovery could aid researchers in developing treatments for challenging hearing disorders like hyperacusis, where everyday sounds become uncomfortably loud, and tinnitus, a condition causing ringing, buzzing, or other phantom sounds in the ear without an external source (1^✔ ✔Trusted Source
The medial olivocochlear efferent pathway potentiates cochlear amplification in response to hearing loss

Go to source). The findings were powered by a new imaging tool, which allowed scientists to collect images of the cochlea in awake animals for the first time.

The Enigma of Reverse Cochlear Nerve Signals

The cochlea uses sensory hair cells to detect sound waves in the air, then converts them into electrical signals that the brain can process. Most cochlear nerves carry information from the cochlea to the brain, but about 5% send signals in the opposite direction: from the brain to the cochlea. The exact role of those fibers has been a mystery, because researchers have struggled to measure cochlear activity in humans or animals while they are awake.

To change that, researchers from the Keck School of Medicine of USC, in collaboration with Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, have developed a new way to look at activity in the inner ear by adapting an imaging technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is widely used in ophthalmology offices to scan the retina for conditions like glaucoma and macular degeneration.

“OCT lets us look down the ear canal, through the eardrum and bone into the cochlea, and measure how it’s working—noninvasively and without pain,” said John Oghalai, MD, professor and chair of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and the Leon J. Tiber and David S. Alpert Chair in Medicine at the Keck School of Medicine. “What’s exciting about this is it lets us study how the brain is controlling the cochlea in real time.”

Using this tool, Oghalai and his team, including co-leaders Patricia Quiñones, research associate in Oghalai’s Lab, Brian E. Applegate, professor of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery at the Keck School of Medicine, and Matthew J. McGinley, assistant professor at Baylor College of Medicine, found that in healthy mice, cochlear activity does not change over the short term. But in mice with genetic hearing loss, cochlear function increased, indicating that the brain was enhancing the cochlea’s sensitivity as a response to long-term hearing loss.

A leading theory about the nerves that send signals from the brain to the cochlea (known as “efferent” fibers) is that they control the cochlea’s response to sound on a short-term basis, similar to the way our pupils work. Bright light makes the pupils constrict, while stress causes them to dilate. Could the cochlea be acting in a similar way?

To explore whether the cochlea responds to short-term stimuli, the researchers measured cochlear activity in mice using OCT. At the same time, they tracked the shifting brain states of the mice by measuring changes in pupil size. As brain states changed, cochlear activity stayed the same, suggesting that the inner ear does not modulate hearing on a short-term basis.

Next, the researchers genetically altered mice to disable the nerves carrying information from the inner ear to the brain (“afferent” fibers), causing hearing loss. Using OCT, they found that the cochlea was working overtime to compensate.

“As humans age and our hair cells die off, we start to lose our hearing. These findings suggest that the brain can send signals to the remaining hair cells, essentially telling them to turn up the volume,” said Oghalai, who is also a professor of biomedical engineering at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering.

The next step is a clinical trial to test drugs that block efferent fibers, which could lower the volume for patients with hyperacusis and may also help address tinnitus.

OCT also holds promise for improving the diagnosis and treatment of hearing disorders. Now that Oghalai’s team has adapted OCT for cochlear imaging in awake mice, they are testing a version of the tool for patients in a new NIH-funded study.

The technology could ultimately allow providers to diagnose hearing problems based on physiology, not just performance on a hearing exam, and to tailor treatments to individual needs.

“This is the first step toward a tool that lets us look into a patient’s ear, find out what the problem is and treat it,” Oghalai said.

Reference:

1. The medial olivocochlear efferent pathway potentiates cochlear amplification in response to hearing loss - (https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2025/02/18/JNEUROSCI.2103-24.2025)

Source-Eurekalert