Highlights:
- Cigarette smoking is one of the most important factors in the development of cardiovascular disease risk and the identification of a gene variant has uncovered a mechanism of action.
- A gene variation close to the gene for ADAMTS7 is found to lower the level of the enzyme ADAMTS7. High levels of ADAMTS7 increase the development of plaques.
- The gene variant that lowers ADAMTS7 level provides a protective effect against cardiovascular disease, which is largely neutralized by cigarette smoking.
Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of coronary heart disease worldwide, contributing to
one fifth of the incidence. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), 12% of Indians smoke, which in 2009, led to 900,000 smoking related deaths. 30% of men in India smoke, though only 3 to 5% of women are associated with the habit. However, the rising incidence of
cardiovascular disease necessitates a better understanding of the connection between
smoking and cardiovascular disease.
The exact mechanism that links cigarette smoking to cardiovascular disease risk remains unknown. However, a research team from The University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University's Perelman School of Medicine has identified a molecule which could explain the association between smoking and cardiovascular disease risk. The details of the study are published in the journal
Circulation.
ADAMTS7 Enzyme
The research team identified the molecule ADAMTS7(A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 7), an enzyme produced in the linings of the blood vessels. Earlier research has shown that an increase in the enzyme ADAMTS7 leads to
fatty plaque buildup in the coronary arteries which in turn results in coronary heart disease.
Gene Connection
The research team found that certain
gene variations resulted in lower production of the enzyme ADAMTS7; this contributed towards lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. Though there is a natural protective effect afforded by this gene variation, this effect is largely lost in smokers. The study found that smoking, in fact, leads to an increase in
ADAMTS7 production, thereby neutralizing most of its protective impact.
‘Smoking lowers the protective effect of a gene variant that decreases the level of the enzyme ADAMTS7. Non-smokers with this gene variant have a 12% lower risk of cardiovascular disease.’
Dr. Danish Saleheen, an assistant professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at Penn, who is the lead author of the study, said that this study could be used for novel therapeutic strategies which could lower the risk of cardiovascular disease among smokers. The current study is part of a larger study aimed at identifying environmental as well as behavioral factors that are involved in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Gene Analysis
This was one of the largest studies conducted on genetic interaction between smoking and cardiovascular disease risk as the research team used data from
29 earlier studies on about
140,000 people.
- 45 loci that were previously found to be associated with an abnormal risk of cardiovascular heart disease were analyzed.
Dr. Saleheen said that certain gene loci would be different between smokers and non-smokers which would make it easier to identify genes that are associated with smoking and cardiovascular disease risk.
Gene Polymorphism
In a region close to the
ADAMTS7 gene, the research team found a single polymorphism which was associated with smoking and cardiovascular disease risk.
- 40% of Europeans carried this gene polymorphism
- It was found to be linked with a 12% lower risk of cardiovascular disease risk among non-smokers and a 5% lower risk of cardiovascular disease risk among smokers
When there are DNA variations that lie just ahead of the section of the DNA that is transcribed, or sections that provide signals for mRNA production, they could result in lowered production of the protein. This was supported by the results of the study which found that among people with the gene variation identified in the study, the level of
ADAMTS7 in the cells lining the arteries dropped significantly.
Smoking as a Modifier
The research team carried out an associate experiment where a liquid extract of cigarette smoke was applied to cells that line the coronary arteries, in a culture dish. The study results showed that the production of
ADAMTS7 doubled, thus diminishing the protective effect of the gene variant.
Other Disease Conditions
The level of
ADAMTS7 is not only associated with coronary heart disease but also with certain types of
cancer as well as
arthritis.
Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Smoking cigarettes is found to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and the following are the probable mechanisms
- The linings of arteries are damaged, leading to fatty plaque build up. This reduces the size of the artery and increases the risk of coronary heart disease.
- Smoking cigarettes increases carbon-monoxide, which lowers oxygen in the blood, necessitating harder pumping of the heart.
- Cigarettes contain nicotine that stimulate the production of adrenaline, which increases the heart rate.
There are many ways by which cigarette smoking could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease but the current study shows that a specific gene variant, that has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease risk, is impeded by smoking.
Preventive strategies could target ways by which the enzyme level is lowered among people who smoke. Dr. Saleheen and colleagues are working on identifying other gene variants which could interact with lifestyle factors and affect cardiovascular disease risk. These studies could lead to cost-effective strategies that lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.
References:
- Smoking - (https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/risk-factors/smoking)
- Global adult tobacco survey - (http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_india_gats_fact_sheet.pdf)
Source-Medindia
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