Highlights
- Extremely high levels of vitamin C selectively kills cancer cells but not normal cells.
- Intravenous administration of vitamin C versus oral intake is more effective in counteracting cancer cells.
- Vitamin C is broken down to hydrogen peroxide which are less manageable by cancer cells and are more prone to damage and death.
- Normal cells have several ways to remove hydrogen peroxide, keeping it at very low levels so it does not cause damage.
Giving vitamin C intravenously and bypassing normal gut metabolism and excretion pathways creates blood levels that are 100 - 500 times higher than levels seen with oral ingestion. It is this super-high concentration in the blood that is crucial to vitamin C's ability to attack cancer cells.
Physicians at UI Hospitals and Clinics are now testing the approach in clinical trials for pancreatic cancer and lung cancer that combine high-dose, intravenous vitamin C with standard chemotherapy or radiation.
‘Tumor cells with low levels of catalase enzyme activity are much less capable of removing hydrogen peroxide than normal cells, and are more susceptible to damage and death when they are exposed to high doses of vitamin C.’
Buettner and his colleagues studied the biological details of how high-dose vitamin C (also known as ascorbate) kills cancer cells.
Vitamin C breaks down easily, generating hydrogen peroxide, a so-called reactive oxygen species that can damage tissue and DNA. The study also shows that tumor cells are much less capable of removing the damaging hydrogen peroxide than normal cells.
"In this paper we demonstrate that cancer cells are much less efficient in removing hydrogen peroxide than normal cells. Thus, cancer cells are much more prone to damage and death from a high amount of hydrogen peroxide," says Buettner, a professor of radiation oncology and a member of Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Iowa.
Normal cells have several ways to remove hydrogen peroxide, keeping it at very low levels so it does not cause damage. The new study shows that an enzyme called catalase is the central route for removing hydrogen peroxide generated by decomposing vitamin C.
"This explains how the very, very high levels of vitamin C used in our clinical trials do not affect normal tissue, but can be damaging to tumor tissue."
The researchers discovered that cells with lower amounts of catalase activity were more susceptible to damage and death when they were exposed to high amounts of vitamin C.
"Our results suggest that cancers with low levels of catalase are likely to be the most responsive to high-dose vitamin C therapy, whereas cancers with relatively high levels of catalase may be the least responsive," he explains.
Reference
- Garry R. Buettner et al., Tumor cells have decreased ability to metabolize H2O2: Implications for pharmacological ascorbate in cancer therapy, Redox Biology (2016)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.010.
Source: Medindia
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