Stem Cells Seem to Have GPS

Swedish researchers have found an unknown GPS function that controls the manner in which stem cells produce different types of cells in many areas of the nervous system.

The discovery by Stefan Thor, professor of Developmental Biology, and graduate students Daniel Karlsson and Magnus Baumgardt, at Linkvping University in Sweden, could improve our understanding of how stem cells work, which is crucial for our ability to use stem cells to treat and repair organs.

About Stem Cells
Encyclopedia section of medindia gives general info about Stem Cells

Stem cells are responsible for the creation of all cells in an organism during development.

Previous research has shown that stem cells give rise to different types of cells in different parts of the nervous system.

This process is partly regulated by the so-called Hox genes, which are active in various parts of the body and work to give each piece its unique regional identity - a kind of GPS system of the body.

Injured Hearts Could be Healed by Transplanted Adult Stem Cells
Scientists have found in a mice study that human adult stem cells injected around the damage caused by a heart attack survive in the heart

But the researchers don't know how does a stem cell know that it is in a certain region and how does it read the body's "GPS" signals.

The scientists also wanted to find out how this information is used to control the creation of specific nerve cells.

Ovarian Hormone Changes Breast Stem Cells
The ovarian hormone progesterone has an important role in changing breast stem cells, according to researchers at Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH).

Thus, the researchers studied a specific stem cell in the nervous system of the fruit fly.

It is present in all segments of the nervous system, but it is only in the thorax, or chest region, that it produces a certain type of nerve cell.

Better Understanding of Stem Cells Could Lead to New Therapies
Researchers from The Scripps Research Institute have found out some stark differences between the biochemistry of stem cells and mature cells, which could pave the way for new therapies.

To investigate why this cell type is not created in the stomach or head region they manipulated the Hox genes' activity in the fly embryo.

It turned out that the Hox genes in the stomach region stop stem cells from splitting before the specific cells are produced.

On the other hand, the specific nerve cells are actually produced in the head region, but the Hox genes turn them into another, unknown, type of cell.

Hox genes can thus exert their influence both on the genes that control stem cell division behaviour and on the genes that control the type of nerve cells that are created.

"We constantly find new regulating mechanisms, and it is probably more difficult than previously thought to routinely use stem cells in treating diseases and repairing organs, especially in the nervous system", said Thor.

The findings are publishing in the online, open-access journal PLoS Biology.

Source-ANI
SAV