Vaccination is the best way to protect against flu infection. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine varies widely among individuals.

‘Genes that were associated with a stronger immune response to the flu vaccine were identified by an increase in antibodies that protect against infection.’

Analyzing the data, the research team identified several gene "signatures," or groups of genes, that were associated with a stronger response to the flu vaccine. The response was determined by increases in antibodies that protect against infection.




We "were able to identify genes at baseline, before vaccination, that would predict how individuals would respond to the vaccine," said Ruth Montgomery, associate professor of medicine at Yale School of Medicine and a co-author.
The researchers also found that the while the genes were predictive of a robust vaccine response in adults younger than age 35, those same genes did not improve responses in adults over age 60. "Another finding is that genes that contribute to good immune response are different in young and older people," Montgomery noted.
"Surprisingly, we found that baseline differences, both at the gene and module level, were inversely correlated between young and older participants," added Steven Kleinstein, associate professor of pathology at Yale School of Medicine and a corresponding author on the study. The reasons for these age differences warrant further study, said the researchers.
The findings offer new insights into the biology of vaccine response. They may also help investigators predict responses in individuals and develop strategies to improve vaccines, Montgomery noted.
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The research was published in Science Immunology.
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