The adult mammalian central nervous system has only limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate connections after injury.

Due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the mature neuron, therapies are required to support the survival of injured neurons and to promote the long-distance regrowth of axons back to their original target structures. The retina and optic nerve are part of the CNS and this system is much used in experiments designed to test new ways of promoting regeneration after injury. Testing of therapies designed to improve RGCs viability also has direct clinical relevance because there is loss of these centrally projecting neurons in many ophthalmic diseases.

Many different approaches are being trialed, targeting different receptor systems and/or different signaling pathways, some aimed at enhancing intrinsic growth capacity in injured RGCs, others aimed at reducing the impact of factors external to the neuron that suppress/restrict the regenerative response. An approach increasingly of interest involves the use of modified, replication-deficient viral vectors to introduce appropriate genes into injured cells in the visual pathway (gene therapy).