Guidelines for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women

Urine infections are a common problem in women especially those who are young and sexually active. It is also commonly seen during the post-menopausal phase. Infections involving the lower urinary tract i.e. the bladder (referred to as cystitis) and the outlet or urethra (referred to as urethritis) are usually uncomplicated and can be treated easily. Upper urinary tract infections affecting the kidney (referred to as pyelonephritis) if not treated on time could follow a more complicated course and require prolonged antibiotics. Patients with cystitis or bladder infection usually complain of pain while passing urine and increased frequency and urgency for urination. Pain may be felt when the examiner presses over the bladder or lower part of the abdomen. Testing a urine sample in the laboratory reveals the presence of bacteria, pus cells and/or blood. In addition to these features, patients with pyelonephritis also suffer from nausea, vomiting, pain in the flanks and fever.

An article reviewing guidelines for the treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in non-pregnant women were recently published in the US Pharmacist. The guidelines were formulated by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in 2010.

Antibiotics Guidelines for Lower Urinary Tract Infections - Cystitis and Urethritis

The guidelines recommend the use of nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) or fosfomycin as the first choice drugs for acute uncomplicated cystitis.

If these cannot be used for some reason, fluoroquinolones like ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin may be used for 3 to 7 days. Though fluoroquinolones are very effective, they should not be used as the first choice. This is because excessive use of these drugs may result in bacterial resistance, thus making these drugs ineffective when they are required for more serious infections.

β-lactams like amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor and cefpodoxime are used as alternatives to fluorquinolones, though they have been found to be less effective. Ampicillin or amoxicillin used alone should be avoided to prevent the development of resistance.

If the infection recurs after treatment, the guidelines recommend doing a culture and sensitivity testing on the urine sample and selecting the antibiotic accordingly. The patient may need treatment for a longer duration. The patient should also be assessed for risk factors that may result in repeated infections.

Antibiotics Guidelines for Pyelonephritis or Kidney Infections

With regards to pyelonephritis, the guidelines recommend a urine culture and sensitivity test for all patients with symptoms suggestive of pyelonephritis. Blood cultures may also be done for hospitalized patients. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin for 7 days or levofloxacin for 5 days are recommended for patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis. This may be preceded by a dose of injected fluoroquinolone, ceftriaxone or a day’s treatment with an aminoglycoside. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole or a β-lactam antibiotic may be used along with an initial dose of ceftriaxone or aminoglycoside as an alternative to fluoroquinolones.

Hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis may initially be treated with an intravenous fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside with/ without ampicillin, an extended-spectrum cephalosporin, an extended-spectrum penicillin or a carbapenem. The antibiotic may be changed once the culture report is available.

The physicians should also monitor the patients for possible drug interactions and side effects caused by these antibiotics.

Reference:

1. Allana J. Sucher. Stacey Smith. Update on the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women. US Pharm. 2011; 36(6):39-43.

Source-Medindia