Diabetes and HIV/AIDS Management

Diabetes Risk Factors

Many risk factors like advancing age, male gender, longer duration of HIV infection, low CD4 count, high viral burden, high body mass index, greater waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio, lower socio economic class and certain ethnic backgrounds or culture contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome in HIV patients.

HIV, HCV and Diabetes

HIV infection is linked with Hepatitis C infection (HCV) too. It has been now known that patients who are over 40-years of age with HCV infection are thrice more likely to develop diabetes than those without the infection.

HIV infection is associated with endocrine abnormalities like deficiency of growth hormone which can contribute to insulin resistance in HIV infected people.

Viral factors which contribute to diabetes risk are an increase in viral burden, a lower CD4 count and longer duration of HIV infection.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has shown a remarkable improvement in the clinical outcome of HIV patients by suppression of viral load, improvement in CD4 count, decrease in opportunistic infections and length of hospital stay and reduction in mortality rate. However HAART has also lead to an increase in metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, diabetes dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy. A recent analysis has shown that diabetes is four times more common in HIV-infected men exposed to HAART. Patients on HAART may also be predisposed to diabetes due to the improved nutritional status and weight gain because of effective treatment of HIV.

Screening

Patients with HIV should be screened for diabetes. People on HAART should be screened at the beginning of the treatment and 3 to 6 months later.

Risk Factors

For effective management of diabetes in HIV infected people, clinicians should look for underlying risk factors or causes like hypertension, tuberculosis, STD etc and treat them effectively.

Lifestyle Modifications

Lifestyle modifications like changes in diet, physical activity/exercise and cessation of smoking are important. To deal with the stress of diabetes and HIV, psychological support should be offered.

Medication

Oral anti-diabetic drugs should be chosen with care to prevent side effects like diarrhea or cachexia. Choice of drug for HIV patients who present with diabetes is insulin. However to prevent HIV transmission, patients should be taught about proper disposal of sharps like lancets, glucose strips, insulin syringes, pens and needles. Patients should be counseled regarding the potential risks, discomforts and benefits of HAART and encouraged to follow a healthy lifestyle while monitoring hyperglycemia regularly.

Management of pre-existing diabetes should be continued with the same drug therapy that was being used prior to detection of HIV.

If glucose control deteriorates then insulin therapy could be initiated. Insulin is a safe and effective way of treating all the HIV patients, irrespective of type of diabetes.