What Leads to Suicide?

Suicide is the result of a complex interaction among a whole host of factors. "It is worth highlighting clinical factors such as a history of psychiatric and psychosocial disorders, the loss of the social support network, the loss of employment or acute stress", pointed out Jon García-Ormaza, lecturer in psychiatry at the UPV/EHU and medical psychiatrist at University Hospital Cruces. The economic crisis affecting Europe since 2008 has had consequences for two of these aspects: firstly, it leads to an increase in unemployment, and secondly, the population has fewer economic resources. "Since that year, in fact, a degree of alarm has begun to spread in public opinion: information that was not always evidence-based began to emerge saying that there was a clear relationship between the increase in suicides and the economic crisis," explained García-Ormaza.

In order to verify these ideas scientifically, García-Ormaza decided to tackle the study of the register of suicides among the inhabitants in the municipality of Barakaldo across a 12-year-period, from 2003 to 2014, "to see what the suicide rate was before and after the economic crisis". 2008 is the limit or cut-off point, which was when the unemployment rate in Barakaldo shot up: in 2004 the unemployment rate was 9% and from 2008 onwards it gradually increased until reaching 20% in 2012.

After all the analyses, "we saw that there was no statistically significant increase in suicides from 2008 onwards in the general population; the suicide rates were fairly steady, about 8 deaths due to suicide per year for every 100,000 inhabitants", said García-Ormaza. Yet when the study is fine-tuned a little more and various social groups are focussed on, "we certainly saw differences. Specifically, we saw a statistically significant increase in two subgroups: individuals with a history of psychiatric disorders, and young women of working age (under 65). In the cases belonging to the first group, the main disorders these individuals suffered were addictions (harmful consumption of alcohol and/or other substances), followed by anxiety disorders and depression", he said. "What happens is that these people do not tend to benefit from social assistance which is found to be protective in serious mental disorders".

In the case of young women, what stands out is that all the cases of suicide were registered in the more socioeconomically disadvantaged districts of Barakaldo.

Prevention, the key to averting these events

According to García-Ormaza, the results obtained in this study should serve "to channel the limited resources existing for measures towards preventing suicide wherever they are needed more. And from what we have seen, they are more necessary in the more disadvantaged areas, in the case of young women and also in the case of people with apparently less severe psychiatric disorders such as alcoholism, anxiety and depression".

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"But it is also true," he added, "that a third of the people who died as a result of suicide in Barakaldo had no known history of psychiatric problems". This is linked to the role that may be played by the social environment of these people. The lecturer explained it thus: "A person who considers the idea of suicide may go ahead with it in an impulsive way when faced with a highly stressful life situation".

That is why it is very important to create a network of protection in which people are capable of spotting people at risk. The cornerstones in these cases are the family doctor and the psychiatrist. "According to the WHO, many suicides can be prevented. The main prevention measures include limiting access to lethal methods, treating people who suffer from mental disorders, actively monitoring the people with a history of suicide attempts, encouraging responsible coverage of suicides in the media, and training primary health care professionals to spot it. Whenever a person expresses despair, he/she needs to be referred to a healthcare professional as soon as possible".

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Source-Eurekalert