What Are the Genetic Factors that Cause Preterm Birth?

Mutations in a gene involved in steroid signaling may cause preterm birth, report Johanna Huusko of the University of Oulu and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and colleagues. The study involved European mothers who had experienced at least one early delivery. The researchers report their findings in PLOS Genetics. Preterm birth, which occurs before 37 weeks, is a leading cause of infant mortality and can cause developmental delays and problems with learning, vision and hearing that persist into adulthood.

Behavioral factors, such as smoking, drinking and stress can all contribute to early labor, but despite numerous studies, the genetic factors that increase the odds of preterm birth are poorly understood.

Huusko and her colleagues attempted to identify potentially damaging genetic variants in mothers from families with a history of unexplained preterm births. They sequenced all of the DNA that holds instructions for making proteins from 17 Finnish mothers and 93 pairs of Danish sisters and discovered that a few women from both groups carried mutations in a gene called HSPA1L.

This gene codes for a "molecular chaperone" that helps new proteins to fold correctly, and prevents proteins from clumping together inside cells. Additional experiments in cell cultures showed these mutations likely interfere with proper functioning of the chaperone within the cells that line the uterus, as they prepare for and maintain a pregnancy.

Mutations in HSPA1L are rare, even in this population of mothers with a history of preterm birth. But the discovery can help point researchers toward related signaling pathways, whose disruption may be contributing to early births.

HSPA1L is involved in a steroid signaling pathway where it helps tamp down inflammation and suppress the immune system. Overall, the findings suggest that future studies should investigate steroid signaling as a possible factor in whether a woman delivers early, or carries a baby to term.

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The authors add: "Defining genetic contributors to preterm birth risk has proven challenging for many reasons - heterogeneous causes that increase risk and the added complexity of two interacting genomes, the mother and the fetus. A strength in this study is the family-based design which can further refine the list of contributing rare variants. HSPA1L is a very plausible, and now well supported, risk modifier for preterm birth, but not one that we paid attention to before this work."

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Source-Eurekalert