The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) a part of National Institutes of Health (NIH) has announced that it would be sequencing the genome of Northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys). The main aim is to sequence the genome of primates along the evolutionary tree that will give some clue to human health and disease.
Comparing the genomes of other species to humans is an exceptionally powerful tool to help researchers understand the working parts of the human genome in both health and illness.NHGRI's Large-Scale Sequencing Research Network and their international partners have already sequenced – or have been approved to sequence – at high-density coverage the genomes of several non-human primates including the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla).
"The gibbon genome sequence will provide researchers with crucial information when comparing it to the human genome sequence and other primate genomes, shedding light on molecular mechanisms implicated in human health and disease – from infectious diseases and neurological disorders to mental illness and cancer," said NHGRI Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.
The gibbon genome is unique because it carries an extraordinary high number of chromosome rearrangements, even when compared to other primates. These rearrangements occur when small or large segments of a chromosome become detached and reattach to the same chromosome or another chromosome. Such chromosomal rearrangements can wreak havoc on a cell, and can contribute to birth defects or cancer in humans. The gibbon genome will also help scientists better understand rearrangements called segmental duplications, which are large, almost identical copies of DNA present in at least two locations in the human genome. A number of diseases are known to be associated with mutations in segmental duplicated regions, including a form of mental retardation and other neurological and birth defects.
Segmental duplications cover 5.3 percent of the human genome, significantly more than in the rat genome, which has about 3 percent, or the mouse genome, which has between 1 and 2 percent. Segmental duplications provide a window into understanding how the human genome evolved and how it may still be changing. The high proportion of segmental duplications in the human genome shows how human genes have undergone rapid functional innovation and structural change during the last 40 million years, presumably contributing to unique characteristics that separate humans from non-human primate ancestors.
With the sequencing of major primate genomes, researchers are able to more precisely study the differences between primates and humans. For instance, an analysis of the chimpanzee genome sequence has revealed that three key genes involved in inflammation have been deleted in the chimpanzee genome, possibly explaining some of the known differences between immune and inflammatory responses of chimps and humans. Identifying these genes gives researchers a more precise starting point for understanding molecular pathways and developing better diagnostics and therapies involved in immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Comparing the human genome with the genomes of other non-human primates and other organisms has been shown to be an effective tool for identifying the function and structure of genes. Most sections of the human genome originated long before humans themselves. Consequently, scientists can use genome sequences of strategically selected organisms to learn more about how, when and why the genomes of humans and other mammals came to be composed of certain DNA sequences.
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Seven mammals which have been previously approved to be sequenced at low-density genome coverage have been targeted to now be sequenced at high-density genome coverage. The refined genome sequences will improve the accuracy of comparisons between mammalian genomes, one of the most effective ways to pinpoint the roughly 5 percent of the 3-billion base pair human genome that is most obviously functional.
The seven mammals to be sequenced are: the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); domestic cat (Felis catus); guinea pig (Cavia porcellus); African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana); tree shrew (Tupaia species); rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus); and a bat species that will be determined based on the availability of a high-quality DNA sample and the selected bat's promise as a biomedical model. NHGRI has recently approved the sequencing of the horse (Equus caballus) to high-density genome coverage.
A set of five fungi known as dermatophytes, which are the most common sources of human fungal disease, will also have their genomes sequenced. Dermatophyte fungi are highly communicable and infect millions of people worldwide leading to costs of approximately $400 million a year for treatment alone. The dermatophytes to be sequenced are Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum, all of which will be sequenced to a high-density genome coverage; and Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton equinum, both of which must be sequenced to a medium-density genome coverage. Scientists then will be able to compare the genome sequence information from these organisms to determine which genes are responsible for the differences in infectivity. Those genes will be logical starting points for developing more effective diagnostic, prevention and treatment approaches to fungal infections in both humans and animals.
Also selected in the latest round is a project to sequence up to 50 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was first completed in 1996 and is a primary model for studying variations in genomes that can contribute to health and disease. The genomic data provided by this effort will allow researchers to develop basic tools to better understand human variation, such as distinguishing functional from non-functional variations within genes.
A final set of sequencing targets was chosen to address the question: What genes and other genomic features were responsible for the origin of multi-celled organisms? More than 1 billion years ago, two of the major multi-cellular groups of organisms (fungi and animals) shared a single-celled ancestor. This project targets ten of the earliest branches of animals and fungi along with some of their single-celled relatives providing, for the first time, comprehensive data to fill gaps in our understanding of animal and fungal evolution. Recent research has shown that some genes in the human genome that are responsible for early animal development arose much earlier than thought, in some cases in single-celled organisms. Therefore, this set of ten targets is likely to reveal the origins of other genes important for multi-cellularity in all such animals, including humans. The ten targets, all of which involve relatively small genomes, include six to be sequenced at high-density genome coverage: Capsaspora owczarzak; Sphaeroforma arctica; an Amastigomonas species; a Salpingoeca or Codosiga species; Allomyces macrogynus; and Nucleria simplex; and four to be sequenced at low-density genome coverage: Amoebidium parasiticum; Mortierella verticillata; Spizellomyces punctatus; and a Stephanoeca or Acanthocoepis species.
Source: Eurekalert
