Study Finds How Meth Improves Snail's Memory

New research suggests that memories formed under the influence of meth (methamphetamine) are likely to linger for long, possibly because the drug upsets the mechanisms for forgetting.

Barbara Sorg, from Washington State University, the US, points out that amphetamines enhance memory.

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She said: "In addiction we talk about the "drug memory" as a "pathological memory". It is so potent as to not be easily forgotten."

Since memory plays a key role in addiction, Sorg wondered whether it might be possible to find out more about the effects of meth on memory by looking at the effect it has on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.

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Lymnaea hold memories about when to breathe through their breathing tubes (pneumostomes) in a three neuron network, which is much simpler than the colossal circuits that hold our memories.

To find out whether a dose of meth could improve the snails' memories in the way it does human memories, Sorg teamed up with Ken Lukowiak from University of Calgary, Canada, who has been working on the mechanisms of memory formation in these snails for most of his career.

First Sorg and her students had to discover whether a dose of meth could affect the snails' breathing behaviour.

According to Lukowiak, the snails breathe through their skins when oxygen levels are high, but when oxygen levels drop the snails extend their pneumostomes above the water's surface to supplement the supply.

As the drug easily crosses the snail's skin, the team immersed the snails in de-oxygenated pond water spiked with meth, and watched to see how it affected their breathing.

The snails stopped raising their pnemostomes at 1 and 3.3·µmol·l-1 meth, so having found a dose that altered the snail's behaviour, the team began testing its effects on the mollusc's long-term memory.

The team trained the snails to remember to keep their pneumostomes closed when oxygen levels were low by poking them with a stick every time they tried to open their pneumostomes.

Giving the snails two training sessions separated by an hour, the team knew that the molluscs would hold the memory for over 24·h, but the researchers wanted to know what would happen if they trained the snails in meth-laced water.

Testing the snails in de-oxygenated pond water 24 hours later, the team were surprised to see that the snails seemed to have no recollection of their training, popping their pneumostomes above the water's surface.

Maybe meth did not affect the snails' memories.

However, when the team reintroduced meth to the test water, the snails suddenly remembered to keep their pneumostomes closed.

This could explain why it's so hard for human addicts to kick the habit when returning to old haunts that trigger the addiction memory.

Next the team wondered whether meth could improve the snails' memories.

First they immersed the snails in meth-laced pond water, then they moved them into regular de-oxygented pond water and gave them a training session that the snails should only recall for a few hours.

In theory the snails should have forgotten their training 24 hours later, but the team wondered if meth would improve the snails' memories so they could remember to keep their pneomostomes closed a day later.

It did. A dose of meth prior to training had improved the snails' memories, allowing them to recall a lesson that they should have already forgotten.

And when the team tested whether they could mask the meth memory with another memory, they found that the meth memory was much stronger and harder to mask.

The study has appeared in the Journal of Experimental Biology

Source: ANI
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