Researchers at Columbia University have revealed how the brain handles pleasant and nasty surprises.
The researchers have differentiated the circuitry in the brain's emotion center that processes surprise from the circuitry that processes the aversive or reward "valence" of a stimulus.
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The study was carried out by a team of boffins led by C. Daniel Salzman.
"Animals and humans learn to approach and acquire pleasant stimuli and to avoid or defend against aversive ones," the researchers said.
"However, both pleasant and aversive stimuli can elicit arousal and attention, and their salience or intensity increases when they occur by surprise. Thus, adaptive behaviour may require that neural circuits compute both stimulus valence—or value—and intensity," they said.
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The researchers concentrated their study on the amygdala, known to be the brain center that processes the emotional substance of sensory input and helps shape behavioural response to that input.
In their studies, which used monkeys, the researchers performed two types of experiments as they recorded the electrical activity of neurons in the animals' amygdala. In one experiment, they taught the monkeys to associate a pattern on a TV monitor with either the rewarding experience of a sip of water or an unpleasant puff of air to the face.
The researchers measured how well the monkeys learned the association by recording how frequently the animals anticipated the water sip or the air puff by, respectively, licking the water spout or blinking.
This experiment was intended to establish whether there were specific amygdala neurons activated by rewarding or aversive stimuli. In the other experiment, the researchers surprised the monkeys by randomly delivering either the water sip or the air puff—which aimed to establish whether the amygdala harboured specific surprise-processing circuitry.
The researchers' analyses of the activity of the amygdala neurons did reveal different types of neurons. Some neurons responded to either the reward or the aversive stimulus, but not both. However, the activity of distinctly different sets of neurons was affected by expectation of either a reward or an aversive experience.
"These different neuronal populations may sub serve two sorts of processes mediated by the amygdala: those activated by surprising reinforcements of both valences—such as enhanced arousal and attention—and those that are valence-specific, such as fear or reward-seeking behaviour," wrote the researchers.
"These different types of response properties may underlie the role of the amygdala in multiple processes related to emotion, including reinforcement learning, attention, and arousal. Future work must develop experimental approaches for unravelling the complex anatomical circuitry and mechanisms by which amygdala neurons influence learning and the many emotional processes related to the valence and intensity of reinforcing stimuli," they conclude.
The study is published in the September 20, 2007 issue of the journal Neuron, published by Cell Press.
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"However, both pleasant and aversive stimuli can elicit arousal and attention, and their salience or intensity increases when they occur by surprise. Thus, adaptive behaviour may require that neural circuits compute both stimulus valence—or value—and intensity," they said.
Implanting Electrodes in the Brain Could Help Treat Severe Depression
Implanting electrodes in the brain could help treat people who are suffering from severe depression, but do not succeed in responding to traditional treatment.
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The researchers concentrated their study on the amygdala, known to be the brain center that processes the emotional substance of sensory input and helps shape behavioural response to that input.
In their studies, which used monkeys, the researchers performed two types of experiments as they recorded the electrical activity of neurons in the animals' amygdala. In one experiment, they taught the monkeys to associate a pattern on a TV monitor with either the rewarding experience of a sip of water or an unpleasant puff of air to the face.
The researchers measured how well the monkeys learned the association by recording how frequently the animals anticipated the water sip or the air puff by, respectively, licking the water spout or blinking.
This experiment was intended to establish whether there were specific amygdala neurons activated by rewarding or aversive stimuli. In the other experiment, the researchers surprised the monkeys by randomly delivering either the water sip or the air puff—which aimed to establish whether the amygdala harboured specific surprise-processing circuitry.
The researchers' analyses of the activity of the amygdala neurons did reveal different types of neurons. Some neurons responded to either the reward or the aversive stimulus, but not both. However, the activity of distinctly different sets of neurons was affected by expectation of either a reward or an aversive experience.
"These different neuronal populations may sub serve two sorts of processes mediated by the amygdala: those activated by surprising reinforcements of both valences—such as enhanced arousal and attention—and those that are valence-specific, such as fear or reward-seeking behaviour," wrote the researchers.
"These different types of response properties may underlie the role of the amygdala in multiple processes related to emotion, including reinforcement learning, attention, and arousal. Future work must develop experimental approaches for unravelling the complex anatomical circuitry and mechanisms by which amygdala neurons influence learning and the many emotional processes related to the valence and intensity of reinforcing stimuli," they conclude.
The study is published in the September 20, 2007 issue of the journal Neuron, published by Cell Press.
Source: ANI
JAY/C
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