Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) Linked to ‘Alarming High’ Risk of Death in People

A recent study finds around one-fifth of the patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in a healthcare system are linked to high risk of death.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a medical condition characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use which causes significant impairment or distress.

Around one-fifth of the patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in a large healthcare system died during a four-year follow-up period, finds a study reported in the Journal of Addiction Medicine, which is the official Journal of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) published by Wolters Kluwer.

Increased Risk Of Long-Term Opioid Use Linked to Psychiatric Conditions
Patients at greatest risk of harmful outcomes may be more likely to be prescribed opioids in higher doses and for longer durations.

‘Opioid use disorder (OUD) found to be linked with a very high rate of serious illness and death among patients.’

The results suggest very high rates of serious illness and death among patients with OUD in general medical care settings--much higher than for those in addiction specialty clinics, according to by Yih-Ing Hser, PhD, of University of California, Los Angeles, and colleagues. They write, "The alarmingly high morbidity and mortality among OUD patients revealed in the present study challenge healthcare systems to find new and innovative ways to expand evidence-based strategies for OUD in a variety of settings."

Late Diagnosis and High Rates of Medical Problems for OUD Patients in Healthcare Network
Using electronic health records from their university healthcare system, the researchers identified 2,576 adults with OUD. The patients, average age 41 years at first OUD diagnosis, had high rates of physical and mental health conditions and other types of substance use disorder.

At four years of follow-up, 465 of the patients had died--a rate of 18.1 percent. Mortality in this group of patients with OUD was more than 10 times higher than in the general population, adjusted for age and sex.

Opioid Addiction Increases Death Rate by 10 Times
High mortality rate has been observed among individuals with opioid use disorder treated in addiction specialty clinics or programs.

About 19 percent of deaths were due to causes directly related to OUD and drug overdose. But most patients died of other causes: especially cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infectious diseases. The most common infection-related cause of death was hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because of injection drug use and other risky behaviors, people with OUD are at high risk of HCV infection.

Risk of death was even higher--twice as high for OUD patients with HCV infection. Patients with alcohol use disorder also had increased mortality.

Many Patients Receive Prescription Opioids To Treat Opioid Addiction
Majority of patients continue to receive opioid prescriptions after buprenorphine treatment.

Risk of death from cardiovascular disease was higher for patients with tobacco use disorder. Mortality from cancer was increased for patients with HCV infection, while death from liver disease was more common for patients with HCV infection and alcohol use disorder.

Previous studies have found a high risk of death among people with OUD, most commonly from drug overdose. However, most of these studies have focused on patients being treated in addiction specialty clinics or programs. One recent study found that the risk of death among patients receiving treatment for OUD was four times higher than in the general population, increasing to six times higher after they were out of treatment.

Drinking Alcohol With Opioids Increases the Risk of Respiratory Complications
Alcohol exacerbates the already harmful respiratory effects of opioids.

The new findings suggest a much higher risk of death for patients with OUD in general medical care. Dr. Hser and coauthors note that the patients identified in their healthcare network were older when first diagnosed with OUD, and had high rates of other physical health disorders.

Their high mortality may reflect issues with identifying and addressing OUD in the healthcare system. "It is likely that patients seen in this health system became progressively sicker, as their OUD problem was not identified until very late in its course and after physical health complications had already ensued," the researchers write.

Within the study limitations, the results may have important implications for healthcare amid the ongoing opioid epidemic. "In the United States, healthcare providers outside specialty substance use disorders treatment settings have not traditionally been adequately equipped to identify and address patients [with] addictions," Dr. Hser and coauthors note.

Of note, the findings do not imply that addiction treatment has worse outcomes in general health settings; the higher mortality is likely due to not receiving adequate care. The authors believe that earlier intervention might be able to reduce some of the high rates of complications and death among patients with OUD in general medical care. The authors conclude: "Further research is much needed to better engage the entire spectrum of healthcare services, with the goal of developing and delivering efficient and effective chronic care management approaches and services for OUD."

Source-Eurekalert