Neuroimaging Technology To Control Addiction

It could be possible to control addiction through brain-reading, say researchers with the Laboratory of Integrative Neuroimaging Technology, at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The research, presented last week at the Neural Information Processing Systems’ Machine Learning and Interpretation in Neuroimaging workshop in Spain, was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, which is interested in using these method to help people control drug cravings.

In this study on addiction and cravings, the team classified data taken from cigarette smokers who were scanned while watching videos meant to induce nicotine cravings. The aim was to understand in detail which regions of the brain and which neural networks are responsible for resisting nicotine addiction specifically, and cravings in general, said Dr. Ariana Anderson, a postdoctoral fellow in the Integrative Neuroimaging Technology lab and the study’s lead author.

“We are interested in exploring the relationships between structure and function in the human brain, particularly as related to higher-level cognition, such as mental imagery,” Anderson said. “The lab is engaged in the active exploration of modern data-analysis approaches, such as machine learning, with special attention to methods that reveal systems-level neural organization.”

For the study, smokers sometimes watched videos meant to induce cravings, sometimes watched “neutral” videos and at sometimes watched no video at all. They were instructed to attempt to fight nicotine cravings when they arose.

The data from fMRI scans taken of the study participants was then analyzed. Traditional machine learning methods were augmented by Markov processes, which use past history to predict future states. By measuring the brain networks active over time during the scans, the resulting machine learning algorithms were able to anticipate changes in subjects’ underlying neurocognitive structure, predicting with a high degree of accuracy (90 percent for some of the models tested) what they were watching and, as far as cravings were concerned, how they were reacting to what they viewed.

“We detected whether people were watching and resisting cravings, indulging in them, or watching videos that were unrelated to smoking or cravings,” said Anderson, who completed her Ph.D. in statistics at UCLA. “Essentially, we were predicting and detecting what kind of videos people were watching and whether they were resisting their cravings.”

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“By projecting our problem of isolating specific networks associated with cravings into the domain of neurology, the technique does more than classify brain states — it actually helps us to better understand the way the brain resists cravings,” added study co-author Mark S. Cohen, a professor of neurology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA’s Staglin Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and a researcher at the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA.

In future research, the neuroscientists said, they will be using these machine learning methods in a biofeedback context, showing subjects real-time brain readouts to let them know when they are experiencing cravings and how intense those cravings are, in the hopes of training them to control and suppress those cravings.

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Source-Medindia