Researchers led by Professor Lloyd Smith from School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and project engineer Derek Nevins have found that the effect of two softballs, both of which have been approved for league play, can have dramatically different effects when they smash into a player's head. The study has been published in the journal Procedia Engineering and will be presented at the Asia Pacific Congress on Sports Technology in Hong Kong later this month.
Smith's group developed a unique model of a softball that they electronically throw at a virtual head to better understand and prevent injuries.
Head Injury
Head injury or traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability among children and young adults that leads to varying degrees of physical and mental stability. Fortunately, it is also one of the preventable brain disorder.
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About a quarter of the injuries that happen on the softball field come from players getting hit with a ball, either thrown or batted at them. Most vulnerable are the pitcher, base runner, and third baseman. When they do occur, the injuries are almost always serious, oftentimes including a bone fracture, says Smith.
In many sports, balls are standardized for consistency and performance. But, researchers haven't understood specifically how the balls' different properties and materials affect player safety. They haven't been able to measure just how much or how it hurts when a ball hits a head.
![Brachial Plexus Injury]( "Brachial Plexus Injury")
Brachial plexus is a network of nerves that transmits signals from the spine to shoulder, arm and hand.
While there have been human models for years, the ball is the hard part, says Smith. Models of softball collisions are especially challenging because of a low Coefficient of Restitution, or how the energy is transferred between the ball and what it hits, he says. Depending on its elasticity and its stiffness, the ball deforms and dissipates energy differently.
The researchers married the ball model they developed with Thums, or the Total Human Model for Safety. Thums sits on a computer screen - a perfect, computerized skeletal model of a head developed by Toyota for crash testing. He has a rainbow of different colored eye sockets, teeth, and detailed skull features, including the temporal and parietal bone, facial muscles, and even his cerebrospinal fluid. He looks like he's smiling, although it's not clear he's still smiling when the ball comes at the front and side of his head at between 60 and 120 miles per hour. He is called a 50th percentile male -- or an average guy.
In their study with the softball model, the researchers determined that two softballs that are commonly used for the same level of amateur play have significantly different properties and result in big differences in potential injury. The two balls differed in stiffness by 30 percent. Testing against a virtual head resulted in as much as a 64 percent difference in bone stress, or how badly he was hurt.
"For most impact conditions, bone stress exceeded the assumed bone strength,'' write the researchers.
That means that their virtual head ended up with a serious fractured skull.
The researchers hope that their ball model work can be extended to better understand more subtle but serious collision injuries, such as concussions, as well as lead to improved protective equipment and injury prevention in a number of sports.
Source: Eurekalert
Brachial Plexus Injury
Brachial plexus is a network of nerves that transmits signals from the spine to shoulder, arm and hand.
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While there have been human models for years, the ball is the hard part, says Smith. Models of softball collisions are especially challenging because of a low Coefficient of Restitution, or how the energy is transferred between the ball and what it hits, he says. Depending on its elasticity and its stiffness, the ball deforms and dissipates energy differently.
The researchers married the ball model they developed with Thums, or the Total Human Model for Safety. Thums sits on a computer screen - a perfect, computerized skeletal model of a head developed by Toyota for crash testing. He has a rainbow of different colored eye sockets, teeth, and detailed skull features, including the temporal and parietal bone, facial muscles, and even his cerebrospinal fluid. He looks like he's smiling, although it's not clear he's still smiling when the ball comes at the front and side of his head at between 60 and 120 miles per hour. He is called a 50th percentile male -- or an average guy.
In their study with the softball model, the researchers determined that two softballs that are commonly used for the same level of amateur play have significantly different properties and result in big differences in potential injury. The two balls differed in stiffness by 30 percent. Testing against a virtual head resulted in as much as a 64 percent difference in bone stress, or how badly he was hurt.
"For most impact conditions, bone stress exceeded the assumed bone strength,'' write the researchers.
That means that their virtual head ended up with a serious fractured skull.
The researchers hope that their ball model work can be extended to better understand more subtle but serious collision injuries, such as concussions, as well as lead to improved protective equipment and injury prevention in a number of sports.
Source: Eurekalert
Rotator Cuff Injury
Rotator cuff injury can be a tendinitis, a strain, or a tear of the rotator cuff muscles. The rotator cuff is made up of four tendons that fuse to surround the shoulder joint.
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