Compared to the mother's body, the egg fertilized in a test tube has rather different conditions for growing. "As these conditions are not consistent with those the embryo in a woman's organism has, this creates a situation where chromosomal changes occur in the embryo quite often, referred as embryo mosaicism" said Dr. Andres Salumets, a professor of reproductive medicine at the University of Tartu and Head of the Competence Centre on Health Technologies.
After fertilization, the fertilized oocyte or a zygote starts to rapidly develop, which generates many genetic abnormalities in some or all embryonal cells. These errors are caused by a process named chromosomal instability. When the IVF embryo is transferred into the mother's body, it is often mosaic, i.e., simultaneously containing chromosomally normal as well as abnormal cells.
Prior studies have shown that similar mosaicism may also occur in naturally conceived children, but very likely, the mosaicism of IVF embryos is more common. This has given rise to hot discussions: could it pose a genetic risk to the child to be born?
In addition to the knowledge of geneticists, this kind of an interdisciplinary study required cooperation with infertility clinicians, clinical embryologists, and bioinformaticians. The current study becomes possible via an advanced computational method, called haplarithmisis. This enabled to dissect the cellular composition of the placenta and estimate maternal and fetal compartments of the placenta, allowing identification of mosaic genetic imbalances in unprecedented detail in both the child's own genome and the placental tissue.
Scientists looked at live-born children. "The implications of chromosomal instability in difficult pregnancies are still to be studied, including preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age children that are caused by placenta malfunction," said Dr. Salumets.
Source: Eurekalert
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