Brain-computer Interface to Overcome Paralysis

Patients with paralysis may use the computer safely for their daily tasks through brain implants as per a study at the American Academy of Neurology. The device allows us to communicate by text and do daily tasks such as online shopping and banking.

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. People with ALS lose the ability to initiate and control muscle movement, which often leads to total paralysis.

First Human Use of Wireless Brain-computer Interface
For the first time, BrainGate clinical trial participants with tetraplegia have demonstrated use of an intracortical wireless Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) with an external wireless transmitter.

‘Brain-computer interface —an investigational device has been found safe in a small study of people with paralysis from ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and has allowed patients to use a computer for their daily tasks. ’

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“People with ALS eventually lose their ability to move their limbs, making them unable to operate devices like a phone or computer,” said study author Bruce Campbell, MD, MS, of the University of Melbourne in Australia and a member of the American Academy of Neurology. “Our research is exciting because while other devices require surgery that involves opening the skull, this brain-computer interface device is much less invasive. It receives electrical signals from the brain, allowing people to control a computer by thought.”

For the study, four people with ALS underwent a procedure to have the device implanted within the brain. The brain-computer interface is fed through one of two jugular veins in the neck into a large blood vessel in the brain. The device, comprised of a net-like material with 16 sensors attached, expands to line the vessel wall. That device is connected to an electronic device in the chest that then relays the brain signals from the motor cortex, the part of the brain that generates signals for movement, into commands for a laptop computer.

Researchers monitored participants for one year and found the device was safe. There were no serious adverse events that led to disability or death. The device also stayed in place for all four people and the blood vessel in which the device was implanted remained open.

Brain-Computer Interface Might Improve Motor Function in Stroke Patients
Brain-computer interface produced a 36% improvement in motor function of a stroke-damaged hand through electrical signals.

Researchers also examined whether participants could use the brain-computer interface to perform routine digital tasks. All participants learned how to use the device with eye-tracking to use a computer. Eye-tracking technology helps a computer determine what a person is looking at.

Researchers also report that a decoder developed during the study allowed one study participant to control a computer independently without an eye tracker. The machine-learning decoder was programmed as follows: when a trainer asked participants to attempt certain movements, like tapping their foot or extending their knee, the decoder analyzed nerve cell signals from those movement attempts. The decoder was able to translate movement signals into computer navigation.

Use of Brain-computer Interface can Help People With Gait Disabilities
People with giat disabilities can recover the ability to walk with the use of a brain-computer interface, which can promote and enhance cortical involvement during walking.

“Our research is still new, but it holds great promise for people with paralysis who want to maintain a level of independence,” said Campbell. “We are continuing this research in Australia as well as in the United States in larger groups of people.”

A limitation of the research was the small size of the study.

Source-Eurekalert