The elusive quest for effective cancer treatment could become more focused now.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins say they have discovered a chemical chain reaction that controls organ size in animals ranging from insects to humans. And that in turn could mean the difference between normal growth and cancer.The study, published in the Sept. 21 issue of Cell, describes how organs can grow uncontrollably huge and become cancerous when this chain reaction is perturbed.
"This chain reaction, a domino-like chain of events we call the Hippo pathway, adds a single chemical group on a protein nicknamed Yap," says lead author Duojia Pan, associate professor of molecular biology and genetics. "The good news is that maybe all organ growth can be reduced to this one chemical event on the Yap protein -- but the better news is that we potentially have a new target for cancer therapy."
Pan and colleagues previously had discovered in fruit flies that too much Yap supercharges growth-inducing genes and causes organs to overgrow.
In the new study designed to see if the same effect occurred in mammals, the research team genetically altered mice to make high levels of Yap protein, but only in liver cells. These animals' livers grew to be five times the size of a normal mouse liver and often were dotted with large tumors.
"We were totally amazed," says Pan. "Five times is just a huge effect." When the researchers next looked at a variety of human cancer cells, they found that 20 percent to 30 percent contained increased levels of Yap. "We think it might be the extra Yap in these cells contributing to their cancerous growth," says Pan.
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"A drug that somehow turns off Yap might also stop cancer cells from growing," says Pan, "and manipulating the Hippo pathway could provide a way to grow organs to a pre-determined size for transplantation."
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