Thyroid Cancer-Symptoms-Risk Factors-Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention

Symptoms

Thyroid cancers need not produce symptoms in the early stages. However, with an advancing growth the following symptoms may arise:

A lump in the front of the neck

Changes in voice, hoarseness

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

Difficulty in breathing or swallowing

Pain in the neck

Since these symptoms are not specific to thyroid cancers one has to consult a doctor, if they fail to find relief from any of thee symptoms after 2 to 3 weeks

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases the chance of acquiring a disease. I stress on this definition because, the disease may occur even in the absence of any of the explained risk factors. Also, do understand that people with a risk factor need not necessarily develop a cancer.

Radiation

Over exposure to radiations has been proven to multiply the risk to catch a thyroid cancer. Treatment with x-rays is the most common source. There is little reason to panic. Routine x-ray investigations use low doses of radiation. Repeated exposures are to be dealt with caution since these are harmful.


Radioactive fallouts, though rare are important sources of carcinogenic doses of radiation. Remember the episodes in Hiroshima, the nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl.

The papillary and follicular cancers are the types mostly associated with radiation exposure.

If anyone else in the family had/has thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid cancer runs in families. It is associated with a change in a gene called RET. This change gets transferred from parent to child. This cancer may occur alone (called the Familial Medullary Cancer of thyroid) or in the company of other cancers (The group of cancers is called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, abbreviated as the MEN syndrome).

Other diseases that run in family

A family history of goitre (meaning swollen thyroid gland) with multiple thyroid nodules may predispose individuals to papillary thyroid cancer. People with a family history of growths in the colon or rectum (Familial polyposis) are also at risk of the same.

Personal History

People with a goitre or benign thyroid nodule are at high risks

Age

Ages above 45 are at increases risks of acquiring thyroid cancers.

Sex

As I had mentioned earlier females are thrice more predisposed to the risk of developing thyroid cancers. In women factors like a late child birth (above an age of 30) and use of oral contraceptive pills may also have an association with cancers of thyroid gland.

Iodine

Iodine as a risk factor is still under study. Evidences available are confusing. Too little iodine in diet may increase the risk of follicular cancer while too much of iodine breeds the risk of papillary cancer.

Many of those who migrated from iodine poor regions to iodine rich regions have shown decreased trends of acquiring follicular cancer. Too much iodine in diet has been related to a higher incidence of papillary cancer in South India.

Diet

Findings from Iceland and Norway suggest an association with consumption of excess shellfish and other seafood.