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Sleep Disorders: A Prelude

Obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA )

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Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition where breathing comes to a stop during sleep. This is due to an obstruction in the airways caused by laxity and deposits of fat in the tissues.

In this condition, breathing is either interrupted or may even stop during sleep. This can occur several times during sleep, as a result of which repeated arousals from sleep or even a full awakening from sleep occurs. Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by repetitive upper airway obstruction during sleep as a result of narrowing of the respiratory passages.

Patients suffering sleep apnea feel sleepy during the day as their nocturnal sleep is constantly interrupted.

Repeated interruptions in breathing causes low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia), which can be harmful to both the heart and the brain.

Patients with the disorder are most often overweight, with associated infiltration of fat around the airway (peripharyngeal). When a person is awake, the airway muscle tone helps to keep the airways functioning normally. Decreased airway muscle tone during sleep and the pull of gravity decreases the airway size, thereby decreasing the air flow during respiration. This results in the patient struggling to breathe and is therefore aroused from sleep.

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