- Cypess A.M., Lehman S., Williams G., Tal I., Rodman D., Goldfine A.B., Kuo F.C., Palmer E.L., Tseng Y.H., Doria A., et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009;360:1509-1517.
- Kajimura S., Seale P., Tomaru T., Erdjument-Bromage H., Cooper M.P., Ruas J.L., Chin S., Tempst P., Lazar M.A., Spiegelman B.M.Regulation of the brown and white fat gene programs through a PRDM16/CtBP transcriptional complex. Genes Dev. 2008;22
- Kajimura S., Seale P., Kubota K., Lunsford E., Frangioni J.V., Gygi S.P., Spiegelman B.M.Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16-C/EBP-beta transcriptional complex. Nature 2009;460
- Brown fat helps you fight flab. 6th September, 2011, Times of India
- “Mouse study could lead to novel treatment for obesity in humans” July 10th 2007Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston
About
Adipose tissue consists of fat cells containing large fat globules in a matrix of areolar tissue. They are of two types of fat cells - white fat cells and brown fat cells.
White fat cells makes up to 20 to 25 percent of body weight in well nourished individuals. It is found around the kidneys, eyes, between muscle fibers and under the skin. Brown adipose tissue is present relatively in small quantities mainly between the scapulae, in the nape of the neck and in the walls of the large blood vessels of the trunk.
The energy in the body is stored primarily as white fat. Every person has an abundance of white fat which stores calories and causes obesity. But brown fat is different as it actually burns the calories off. It has a more extensive capillary network as compared with white fat cells. The uniqueness of this fat lies in the fact that when the brown fat is metabolized, it produces more heat than white fat and hence contributes towards preventing obesity. There are a larger number of mitochondria (that produces ATP which is the energy producing source in the body) in the cells of brown fat as compared to the white fat.
The Brown Fat Research
A possible link between obesity and lack of brown fat has been found. For example, evidence indicates that thermogenesis is somewhere defective in the brown fat deposits of obese individuals.
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It was earlier known that babies are born with brown fat which eventually disappears in adults. In 2009, the study done by Cypess’ demonstrated for the first time that the brown fat is metabolically active in adult humans. It was previously thought that brown fat was present only in babies and children. But their study showed that it is found in between 3 and 7.5 percent of adults, with higher rates among women.
Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center and Children’s Hospital Boston in 2010 have found that the brown fat in children increases until puberty and then declines and is most active in leaner children. They also say that children aged 13 to 15 have the highest percentage of detectable brown fat and the highest brown fat activity.
Researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston have found a protein, C/EBP-beta that can work together with PRDM16 to cause human skin cells to change into brown fat cells. And if the scientists can find a way to use this protein combination to help the body in making enough brown cells to boost metabolism, an effective drug based treatment for obesity could be soon identified.
Recently it has also been found that a substance BMP-7 increases the production of brown fat and protects against obesity in mice. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has already approved a BMP-7 drug for use in spinal surgery, so the eminent researcher Cypess is on his way to test the drug’s effects on surgical patients to see if it boosts brown fat too. In their researches on brown fat, researchers Seale and Cypess say that they envision a “brown fat magic pill”— a drug that could boost the activity of brown fat through molecular means. They stick to the basics saying that “such a drug won’t obviously provide a quick fix for obesity. But brown fat could help people achieve weight loss goals by burning, say, an extra 500 calories a day”.
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Very recently a team from Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney has grown brown fat from stem cells biopsied from adults, making the belief stronger that one day it may be possible to grow someone’s brown fat outside the body and then transplant it. In their laboratory, the scientists led by Dr Paul Lee and Prof Ken Ho, successfully grew brown fat from the biopsied tissue of six patients, only two of whom had scanned positive for presence of brown fat. It is a breakthrough indicating that the growth of brown fat is possible using precursor cells taken from adult humans, under appropriate stimulation. The precursor cells are present in one and all.
Dr Lee said that under appropriate growth factor and hormonal stimulation, the cells grow and differentiate into mature brown cells. Around 50g of white fat stores 300 kilocalories. In contrast the same amount of brown fat burns 300 kilocalories a day. Such is the magic of this good fat.
Using PET-CT scans of close to 3000 people, the team showed a striking inverse correlation between brown fat and weight. These people also had a significantly lower body mass index as well as lower glucose levels in blood.
With these significant research findings, various methodologies to induce synthesis of brown fat cells in adults could be targeted as an effective obesity intervention in the near future.
