Night Time Blood Pressure Increases Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke

Highlights

Day time evaluation of blood pressure can miss undetected nocturnal or night time blood pressure
Night time blood pressure monitoring should be included as part of patient management strategy to ensure an effective application of antihypertensive therapy
Nocturnal blood pressure increases the risk of heart diseases, stroke, and coronary artery disease

A rise in blood pressure during sleep increases the risk of future heart diseases, especially heart failure, even if the blood pressure is within normal ranges during the daytime.

The findings are published in the American Heart Association's flagship journal Circulation.

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‘Night time blood pressure monitoring is a key part of patient management to ensure the prevention of cardiovascular events. It will also help in the use of effective antihypertensive therapy to lower blood pressure throughout the 24-hour period.’

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Blood pressure is often assessed during daytime. It helps to determine a patient's hypertension medication needs and its dosages. Many patients may have undetected nocturnal hypertension or high blood pressure while sleeping.

According to the study lead author Kazuomi Kario, who is also a professor of cardiovascular medicine at Jichi Medical University in Tochigi, Japan, "Nighttime blood pressure is increasingly being recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular risk."

Design of Blood Pressure Study

The study by the Japan Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Perspective (JAMP) enrolled 6,359 patients from across Japan between 2009 and 2017. Half of the study patients were males aged over 65 years. All patients had at least one cardiovascular risk factor, though none had any symptomatic cardiovascular disease at the start of the study. Around three-quarters of them were taking blood pressure medications.

Wearable, ambulatory monitors were used on patients to measure blood pressure during daytime and during sleep. Patients self-reported their daily activities and sleep-wake times.

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Every patient recorded twenty daytime and seven night time automated blood pressure measurements. To determine nighttime measurements, patients self-reported the time they fell asleep and woke up.

The data was periodically downloaded at a health care clinic.

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The patients were followed-up annually for the analysis of heart diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, heart failure, and death. The cardiovascular events were then assessed in relation to blood pressure variations to see if there were any links between the two.

Among the participants, there were 119 cases of stroke, 99 cases of coronary artery disease, and 88 cases of heart failure, with a total of 306 cardiovascular events.

Findings of Nocturnal Blood Pressure Study

The findings revealed that an increase in systolic blood pressure by 20 mm Hg, above a person's daytime systolic reading during sleep, significantly increased the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure.

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In patients whose sleep-time blood pressure exceeded the daytime readings, categorized as those having an abnormal circadian pattern, were at particular risk of developing heart failure and had a greater risk of experiencing any cardiovascular disease events.

Similarly, an excessive drop in systolic blood pressure during sleep increased the risk of stroke.

Kario stated, "Results indicate that night time systolic blood pressure was a significant, independent risk factor for cardiovascular events."

In summary, it is important to include night time blood pressure monitoring as part of patient management strategies. This will ensure that physicians use antihypertensive therapy that effectively lowers blood pressure throughout the 24-hour period.

Reference:

Nighttime Blood Pressure Phenotype and Cardiovascular Prognosis: Practitioner-Based Nationwide JAMP Study: - (https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049730)

Source-Medindia