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Induced to be Ill by Nocebo | |
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Much as positive suggestions cure illnesses, negative suggestion can induce symptoms of illness.
Nocebo effects are the adverse events that occur during sham treatment and/or as a result of negative expectations.
Nocebo effects are the adverse events that occur during sham treatment and/or as a result of negative expectations.
While the positive counterpartthe placebo effecthas been intensively studied in recent years, the scientific literature contains few studies on nocebo phenomena. In the latest issue of Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, Winfried Häuser of the Technical University of Munich and his co-authors present the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and highlight the relevance of the nocebo effect in everyday clinical practice (Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109(26) 459).Nocebo responses can, for instance, be brought about by unintended negative suggestion on the part of doctors or nurses, e.g., when informing the patient about the possible complications of a proposed treatment. It is also assumed that a certain proportion of the undesired effects of drugs can be attributed to nocebo effects. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon areas with placebo effectslearning by Pavlovian conditioning and reaction to induced expectations.What are the consequences for clinical practice? Doctors find themselves in an ethical dilemma between their obligation to tell the patient about the possible side effects of a treatment and their duty to minimize the risk of a medical intervention and thus to avoid triggering nocebo effects. As one possible strategy to solve this dilemma, Häuser et al. suggest emphasizing the tolerability of therapeutic measures. Another option, with the patient's permission, would be to desist from discussing undesired effects during the patient briefing.
Source-Eurekalert
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