Mosquitoes Could Infect Humans With Zika and Chikungunya Simultaneously

Highlights

• New study shows that mosquitoes are capable of carrying Zika and chikungunya viruses simultaneously.
• Previous study stated that mosquitoes can carry dengue and chikungunya simultaneously .
• Many patients who test positive for either one of the diseases, have co-infection with the other.
• Each disease may be linked to severe neurological problems as well.

Mosquitoes are capable of carrying Zika and chikungunya viruses simultaneously and can secrete enough in their saliva to potentially infect humans with both viruses in a single bite. The work by scientists from Colorado State University is presented today at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH).

Scientists are investigating whether antibodies to dengue can either intensify or, conversely, neutralize a Zika virus infection.

Zika and dengue are closely related and come from the same family of viruses, known as flaviviruses.

Very little is known about Zika's possible interactions with chikungunya, in humans or mosquitoes.

This prompted researchers at a laboratory headed by Greg Ebel, ScD, at Colorado State University, to test what happens in the Aedes variety of mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the viruses when they encounter more than one virus at a time.

In a contained experiment, the scientists allowed mosquitoes to feed on blood that contained dengue, chikungunya or Zika, either alone or in combination.

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The tests so far show strong evidence that mosquitoes can pick up and transmit Zika and chikungunya simultaneously -- something that had not been confirmed before, given the recent arrival of Zika in the Americas.

"Their saliva is clearly testing positive for both, which could mean that people bitten by this type of mosquito could be infected by both viruses at once," said Claudia Rückert, PhD who is presenting the results at the ASTMH meeting.

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It is not clear if mosquitoes can carry all three viruses at the same time.

But a previous study, also conducted in a laboratory setting, found that Aedes mosquitoes can carry dengue and chikungunya simultaneously, an observation that was confirmed by the Colorado State research team.

And the real-world opportunities for mosquitoes to encounter more than one of these viruses appear to be increasing.

A recent study in Nicaragua revealed that about one in five patients who tested positive for dengue, chikungunya or Zika also had a co-infection with at least one of the other two diseases. Some even tested positive for all three.

"We need to understand more about what happens in both mosquitoes and people when all of these viruses are circulating in close proximity," Rückert said.

Sorting Out Neurological Problems When Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya Hit at Once

In a second study released at the annual meeting, researchers in Brazil presented new insights from their efforts to work in real-time to untangle a web of neurological complications encountered in a group of 21 patients at the Roberto Santos General Hospital in the northeastern city of Salvador-Bahia over a four-month period in 2015 during an "unprecedented and concurrent" outbreak of Zika, dengue and chikungunya.

Their evidence indicates that each disease may be linked to severe neurological problems, including a rare disorder seen in two patients called Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome or OMS.

It is sometimes referred to as "dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome" for the chaotic eye movements and muscle contractions it causes.

One of those patients tested positive for Zika and dengue. But the other patient tested positive for chikungunya and dengue, though it has been difficult to determine whether this "co-infection" was to blame.

"Our analysis shows that each of these viruses may have the potential to cause a range of neurological complications, some very severe, and patients should be monitored for symptoms," said Isadora Siqueira, MD, PhD, a scientist with Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.

Zika already is known to occasionally cause Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), which prompts the immune system to attack nerve cells and can cause paralysis and even death.

But Dr. Siqueira said they also saw GBS in patients who did not have Zika-- but tested positive for either chikungunya or dengue.

"This kind of clinical research is essential so that we can better understand the true public health threat of these mosquito-borne viruses," said Stephen Higgs, PhD, president of ASTMH.

Tropical medicine scientists must continue to be vigilant on the front-lines of these outbreaks and provide new and beneficial insights for physicians around the world.

Source-Medindia