Diets Rich In Fat and Sugar During Pregnancy Causes Metabolic Changes

Highlights

• Maternal metabolic changes induced by high fat, high sugar feeding were related to altered metabolism which could affect fetal growth.
• The consumption of the obesogenic //diet compromised maternal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy.
• The high fat, high sugar diet changed the expression of proteins in the mother's body that control fat storage, leading to an increase in body fat.

Diets high in fat and sugar disrupts processes within the pregnant mother's body, leading to poor metabolic control. In a study carried out in pregnant mice, a team of academics found that these changes were found just prior to birth and may make her more susceptible to conditions such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease, as well as to further fat accumulation, in later motherhood.

The exact impact on the child during pregnancy was harder to ascertain, but the researchers found that metabolic dysfunction in the mother compromised the flow of nutrients to the fetus, altering its growth and metabolism at critical stages during its development.

Obesogenic Diet

An obesogenic diet is a diet which promotes obesity. It also has consequences for fetal development. It may also explain why babies from mothers who are obese or eat obesogenic diets during pregnancy have a tendency to develop conditions such as obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes as adults.

In particular, the researchers found that a higher than recommended intake of fat and sugar exacerbates and distorts metabolic changes which occur naturally as a result of the pregnancy, so that the mother can appropriately allocate nutrients to the fetus.

"In places like the UK, the US and Australia, many women of child-bearing age are also eating higher amounts of fat and sugar than the National Dietary Recommendations," said Dr Amanda Sferruzzi-Perri.

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"We know that obesity during pregnancy is a risk factor for health complications for mother and baby both during and after pregnancy. This study offers insight into the mechanisms operating during pregnancy that may cause this."

Impact of High Fat High Sugar Diet on Metabolism

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The study involved feeding a diet that contained high amounts of fat and sugar to pregnant mice. The researchers then assessed the impact of this on both the metabolism of the mother and her levels of body fat, compared to mice which were fed a more balanced diet.

They related these changes in whole-body metabolism to the expression of proteins in the mother's tissues, which are responsible for processing and storing nutrients, as well as to the supply of nutrients, growth and metabolism of her developing fetuses. All of the experiments were carried out in line with the UK Home Office Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.

Excessive consumption of sugar and fat compromised the mother's glucose tolerance and her sensitivity to insulin - the hormone that controls blood sugar levels.

Specifically, they found that the mother's ability to respond to insulin was reduced in tissues like her muscle and fat, which take up glucose from the circulation. By contrast, the sensitivity of the maternal liver to insulin was increased, which reduces glucose production during pregnancy.

As a result, the mother was unable adequately to control glucose levels or produce enough glucose to support the pregnancy.

The high fat, high sugar diet also changed the expression of proteins in the mother's body that control fat storage, leading to an increase in body fat. Collectively, the researchers suggest that these effects promote a "pre-diabetic state" in the mother, resembling many aspects of gestational diabetes; a pregnancy complication which affects up to 5% of women in the UK.

One of the main reasons for this may be that an obesogenic diet exaggerates natural metabolic changes associated with pregnancy. "During a normal pregnancy, the mother's body will change the way it handles nutrients so that some can be freed up for the fetus," Sferruzzi-Perri explained.

"The mother's metabolism is shifted to an insulin resistant, glucose intolerant state, such that her own glucose use is limited in favor of fetal supply. We think that in cases where the mother has a high fat, high sugar diet, these metabolic changes are exacerbated or perturbed."

Metabolism Clutter Increases Risk of Health Complications

The changes in metabolism may alter the mother's disposition to develop health complications after she has given birth as well - a phenomenon that they refer to as a "metabolic memory", putting her at greater risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular problems in later life.

The study also found that the defects in the mother's metabolism impaired nutrient flow to the fetus, as they resulted in the preferential storage of nutrients within the mother's tissues, in favor of allocating these to the developing fetus.

Placenta plays an important role in nutrient allocation and because the fetus receives different amounts of nutrients and shows defects in its ability to use these during development, the researchers believe that the child will still be more susceptible to metabolic dysfunction later in life.

"We still don't know what the exact consequences for the foetus are, but the findings match existing research which already suggests that the individual will suffer from these metabolic problems during adulthood," Sferruzzi-Perri said.

"This is because changes to the nutrient and oxygen supply, at a stage when individual organs are developing, can cause a permanent change in the structure and function of certain tissues."

Reference

1. Amanda Sferruzzi-Perri et al., A Western-style obesogenic diet alters maternal metabolic physiology with consequences for fetal nutrient acquisition in mice, Journal of Physiology (2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/JP273684.

Source-Medindia