Brain Structure is Altered by Learning to Read

The first evidence that intensive instruction to boost reading skills in young children causes the brain to physically rewire itself, thereby forming new white matter that improves communication within the brain has been found by scientists from Carnegie Mellon University.

Timothy Keller and Marcel Just reported the findings in the journal Neuron.

Dyscalculia / Learning Disabilities - Mathematics
Dyscalculia is a learning disability involving mathematics. Recognized by The WHO, it affects nearly 4 – 7% of the world population. If you have dyscalculia it tends to affect every aspect of your life.

The boffins said, brain imaging of children between the ages of 8 and 10 showed that the quality of white matter - the brain tissue that carries signals between areas of grey matter, where information is processed - improved substantially after the children received 100 hours of remedial training. After the training, imaging indicated that the capability of the white matter to transmit signals efficiently had increased, and testing showed the children could read better.

"Showing that it's possible to rewire a brain's white matter has important implications for treating reading disabilities and other developmental disorders, including autism," said Just, the D.O. Hebb Professor of Psychology and director of Carnegie Mellon's Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging (CCBI).

Dr. Thomas R. Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, agreed.

Dyslexia - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Dyslexia is a reading disability that occurs when the brain does not properly recognize and process certain symbols.

"We have known that behavioral training can enhance brain function. The exciting breakthrough here is detecting changes in brain connectivity with behavioral treatment. This finding with reading deficits suggests an exciting new approach to be tested in the treatment of mental disorders, which increasingly appear to be due to problems in specific brain circuits," Insel said.

Keller and Just's study was designed to discover what physically changes in the brains of poor readers who make the transition to good reading. To reach the conclusion, they scanned the brains of 72 children before and after they went through a six-month remedial instruction program.

Dyslexia In Chinese Children Harder To Treat, Say Researchers
Researchers say that dyslexia in Chinese children might be more complicated and harder to treat than their English-speaking counterparts.

Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a new brain imaging technique that tracks water movement in order to reveal the microscopic structure of white matter, Keller and Just found a brain change involving the white matter cabling that wires different parts of the brain together.

"Water molecules that are inside nerve fibers tend to move or diffuse parallel to the nerve fibers," explained Keller, a CCBI research scientist and author of the first developmental study of compromised white matter in autism. "To track the nerve fibers, the scanner senses areas in which many water molecules are moving along in the same direction and produces a road-map of the brain's wiring."

Dyslexia Subtypes Demarcated by Neurological Differences
In patients with dyslexia parts of the right hemisphere of the brain have been shown to differ from those of normal readers

The new research shows that 100 hours of intensive reading instruction improved children's reading skills and also increased the quality of the compromised white matter to normal levels. More precisely, the DTI imaging illustrated that the consistency of water diffusion had increased in this region, indicating an improvement in the integrity of the white matter tracts.

"The improved integrity essentially increases communication bandwidth between the two brain areas that the white matter connects, by a factor of 10," Just said. "This opens a new era of being able to see the brain wiring change when an effective instructional treatment is applied. It lets us see educational interventions from a new perspective."

Source-ANI
RAS