Appropriate Intervention May Lower COPD Risk in Women with Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is developed in more than 40 percent of the women with asthma, but appropriate intervention can decrease the risk, reports a new study. The findings of the study are published in the journal Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

In "Asthma and COPD Overlap in Women: Incidence and Risk Factors," Teresa To, Ph.D., and coauthors report that of the 4,051 women with asthma included in their study, 1,701, or 42 percent, developed COPD. On average, the women were followed for about 14 years after being diagnosed with asthma.

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Respiratory diseases affect any part of the respiratory system. Some of the lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can lead to respiratory failure.

‘Over 4 in 10 women with asthma may develop the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the risk may be reduced by appropriate intervention.’

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The researchers examined risk factors for developing asthma and COPD overlap syndrome, known as ACOS. Those who develop ACOS experience increased exacerbations and hospitalizations and had a lower quality of life, compared to those who have asthma or COPD alone.

"Previous studies have found an alarming rise in ACOS in women in recent years and that the mortality rate from ACOS was higher in women than men," said Dr. To, a professor in the Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Toronto in Canada. "We urgently need to identify and quantify risk factors associated with ACOS in women to improve their health and save lives."

The authors report that individual risk factors played a more significant role in the development of ACOS than exposure to fine particulate matter, a significant air pollutant that because of its microscopic size penetrates deep into the lungs.

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Women who had a more than five-pack-year smoking history, meaning they had smoked more than the equivalent of a pack of cigarettes a day for five years, were much more likely to develop ACOS than those who smoked fewer cigarettes or never smoked.

However, ACOS did not affect only those who smoke: 38 percent of the women who developed ACOS in the study had never smoked.

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In addition to smoking, the study identified obesity, rural residence, lower education levels and unemployment as significant risk factors for ACOS. The authors speculate that these factors indicative of low socioeconomic status may result in suboptimal access to care, under-treatment of asthma and poor compliance with medications, all of which lead to more frequent asthma attacks. These attacks, in turn, may lead to airway remodeling that increases the chances of developing ACOS.

The researchers noted that they lacked the data to investigate this association directly. Study limitations also include not having information about exposure to second-hand smoke and exposure to air pollution over the entire time the women were followed.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD includes respiratory tract disorders that cause obstruction to airflow. These are chronic bronchitis, emphysema and small airway disease.

The authors wrote that they were encouraged by the fact that most of the risk factors identified in their study were modifiable.

"The adverse impact of smoking and obesity on health may be even worse in those who are already living with asthma or COPD," said Dr. To, who is also a senior scientist, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids). "Identifying modifiable risk factors in the progression from asthma to COPD is an essential first step in developing prevention strategies that lead to a healthy, active lifestyle."

Source-Eurekalert