Cecilia Chinhamo has endured a torrent of verbal abuse from her husband, since testing positive for HIV six years ago.
"My husband shouts at me and calls me a walking corpse," said the 30-year-old Zimbabwean vegetable vendor. "I can only cry when he says that. What else can I do?"
Like many Zimbabwean women with HIV, Chinhamo battles to convince her husband to get tested himself or to use a condom, raising fears for the future of their four-year-old daughter.
"My husband's problem is he thinks he is fit," she said. "He refuses to get tested, insisting he is negative. At times he agrees to use condoms, but it's not easy every time."
She struggles to make ends meet by selling vegetables in Chitungwiza, a working-class suburb outside Harare, and depends on remittances from her sister who works as a bank teller in neighboring South Africa.
Of the 1.6 million Zimbabweans with HIV, 55 percent of are women, according to government statistics.
Women often suffer doubly, not only from the disease, but from abuse from their spouses and isolation by their communities, said Carol Mubira, of the International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) research team.
Mubira's group studied the living conditions for women with HIV in Argentina, Cambodia, Moldova, Morocco, Uganda and Zimbabwe.
Their findings, released at a recent conference here, revealed that even efforts to prevent the spread of HIV can pose problems for women, who are often reluctant to tell anyone that they have the disease.