One of the early pivotal discovery was that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) pathway was vital to the development of the cancer, as when the molecular pathway controlled by TGF-? was eliminated in mice, the animals developed liver cancer.

Mishra said that the TGF-? family of proteins is responsible for keeping stem cells in an undifferentiated state, but when needed it also directs the development of these cells into specialized cells. She added that they are also powerful suppressors of cancer development.

It was demonstrated in subsequent work that loss of a gene known as ELF, common to stem cells and is found within the TGF-? pathway, was sufficient to induce the formation of liver cancer. However, it is now known that ELF is lost in more than 90 percent of human hepatocellular cancers.

Though it was clear by these studies that stem cells gone wild were key to liver cancer development, it was not possible for anyone to find such cancer stem cells, or any stem cells, in liver tissue in order to test the theory.

But it was suggested by Georgetown transplant surgeon Lynt Johnson, M.D., that they should try finding stem cells in donor liver tissue that had been newly transplanted into patients with a failing organ. He reasoned that stem cells in this tissue would be particularly active because they would be busy creating new liver cells.

This made the researchers to take biopsies from six surgery patients of liver tissue up to four months past transplantation were studied. And it was in this regenerating tissue that normal stem cells were finally found. Thse cells were rare—two to four cells per 30,000-50,000 cells, but they expressed all the proteins known to be associated with stem cells, such as Stat3, Oct4, Nanog, ELF, and receptor for the TGF-? protein.

“These cells were working really hard, expressing all of these proteins in abundance. In our staining tests they looked like stars, surrounded by shells of cells that were also expressing TGF-? in order to make new liver cells,” said Mishra.

Later, the researchers examined tissue from 10 patients with liver cancer using the same antibody test that located the stem cells in the regenerating livers , to look for cancer stem cells.

“We found that all of these stem cells had lost TGF-? Without the brakes that TGF-? puts on cancer, the stem cells had turned into bad guys,” she said.

The scientists turned to mouse models of liver cancer to see what would happen if they took out the “stemness” in the cancer stem cells and found that only 1 in 40 mice bred without a stat3 gene developed liver cancer. “But with the stat3 gene intact, 70 percent of mice developed the cancer,” Mishra said.

In the final stage of the study, the researchers are treating mice with liver cancer that had normal stat3 gene but are missing TGF-? with an experimental stat3 inhibitor drug in development by the National Cancer Institute, an agent that would shut down stat3.

Source-ANI
SPH/K