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How Viruses Attack Bacteria
Texas A and M University researchers say information about such viral attackers, called phages or bacteriophages, might aid in the treatment of bacterial infections.
"The phages first attach to the bacteria and then inject their DNA. Then they reproduce inside the cell cytoplasm," says Sun Qingan, co-author of the article and a doctoral student at Texas A and M.
After more than 100 phage particles have been assembled, the next step is to be released from the bacterial host, so that the progeny virions can find other hosts and repeat the reproduction cycle, Sun said.
Besides the cell membrane, the phages have another obstacle on their way out - a hard shell called cell wall that protects the bacteria. Only by destroying the cell wall can the phages release their offspring.
The phages have a secret weapon - an enzyme that can destroy the wall from inside, thus called endolysin.
"One of the special examples, R21, remains inactive when it is first synthesized and attached to the membrane as demonstrated in our paper. But when the enzyme leaves the membrane, it restructures just like a transformer and gains the power to destroy the cell wall," Sun said.
The trigger controlling the transformation process is a segment of the enzyme call the SAR domain, according to the researchers.
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