How Viruses Attack Bacteria

The mechanism through which some viruses, known for attacking humans and animals, attack bacteria is being studied by scientists.

Texas A and M University researchers say information about such viral attackers, called phages or bacteriophages, might aid in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Hepatitis A - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Hepatitis A is the most benign of the hepatitis viruses and usually has no long term side effects. Hepatitis A vaccine is available that is 95% effective in preventing the disease.

"The phages first attach to the bacteria and then inject their DNA. Then they reproduce inside the cell cytoplasm," says Sun Qingan, co-author of the article and a doctoral student at Texas A and M.

After more than 100 phage particles have been assembled, the next step is to be released from the bacterial host, so that the progeny virions can find other hosts and repeat the reproduction cycle, Sun said.

Besides the cell membrane, the phages have another obstacle on their way out - a hard shell called cell wall that protects the bacteria. Only by destroying the cell wall can the phages release their offspring.

About Mosquito Diseases
Mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria, filaria, dengue, etc are common in places conducive of mosquito breeding. Swamps, ponds and stagnated drainage provide optimal breeding ground for mosquitoes.

The phages have a secret weapon - an enzyme that can destroy the wall from inside, thus called endolysin.

"One of the special examples, R21, remains inactive when it is first synthesized and attached to the membrane as demonstrated in our paper. But when the enzyme leaves the membrane, it restructures just like a transformer and gains the power to destroy the cell wall," Sun said.

About Aids
AIDS or HIV is an epidemic disease, a potentially deadly infection that can be prevented with precautions. AIDS/HIV symptoms manifest long after the actual infection occurs.

The trigger controlling the transformation process is a segment of the enzyme call the SAR domain, according to the researchers.

"The SAR domain is like the commander - it tells the enzyme when to begin restructuring and destroying the cell wall. This finding enables us to better understand the release process and provides us with a possible target when we want to control the destruction of bacteria cell walls or prohibit this action in some infectious diseases," Sun said.

Measles | Rubeola - Causes, Symptoms, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Measles is a viral infection with symptoms of fever,and rashes. Measles is prevented by vaccination and staying away from the infected individuals.

Some research has been conducted to explore the possibility of using phages to kill bacteria and thus treating bacterial infections.

The finding unveils one secret of the phages and may be useful in phage therapy and other applications.

The work has been published in the renowned journal Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.

Source-ANI
RAS