The ingredients and effects of The Buddhist, Chinese, and Vedic traditions of meditations are different, according to researchers.
A new paper published in Consciousness and Cognition discusses three categories to organize and better understand meditation:
1. Focused attention-concentrating on an object or emotion;
2. Open monitoring-being mindful of one's breath or thoughts;
3. Automatic self-transcending-meditations that transcend their own activity-a new category introduced by the authors.
Each category was assigned EEG bands, based on reported brain patterns during mental tasks, and meditations were categorized based on their reported EEG.
"The idea is that meditation is, in a sense, a 'cognitive task,' and EEG frequencies are known for different tasks," said Fred Travis, co-author, and Director of the Center for Brain, Consciousness, and Cognition at Maharishi University of Management.
Focused attention, characterized by beta/gamma activity, included meditations from Tibetan Buddhist (loving kindness and compassion), Buddhist (Zen and Diamond Way), and Chinese (Qigong) traditions.
Open monitoring, characterized by theta activity, included meditations from Buddhist (Mindfulness, and ZaZen), Chinese (Qigong), and Vedic (Sahaja Yoga) traditions.