Denied food and cooped up for two months as a virtual prisoner in northern Iraq, Indonesian migrant worker Darmiati said she is a victim of abuse that started even before she left her country.
A recruitment agency in Indonesia told the 22-year-old it could get her a job in Iraq despite the fact that tests showed she had Hepatitis B.
Once there, Darmiati was held by an Iraqi agency who, enraged to learn their Indonesian partners had sold them a woman too sick to work, took her passport and held her until she could repay the 2,500 dollars they said they were owed.
Darmiati's plight, and many like it, is, according to observers, ultimately the fault of a dysfunctional migration system in Indonesia, where weak legal protection, corruption and bad policy are failing migrant workers.
'Indonesia only sees migrant workers as commodities,' said Henny Wiludjeng, a law lecturer at Atma Jaya University.
Labour export is a big earner for Indonesia, where the country's 4.3 million workers abroad brought in 13 billion dollars in 2007, according to BNP2TKI, the government agency set up in 2006 to look after the welfare of such workers.
But standards are often shoddy among the government-approved migration agencies that have the sole right to send workers overseas, said Anis Hidayah, director of advocacy group Migrant Care.
She said tight control of the movement of migrant workers -- from village to foreign workplace -- means they are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse every step along the way.